Cells taken from the lungs of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a larger accumulation of soot-like carbon deposits compared to cells taken from people who smoke but do not have COPD, according to a study led by University of Manchester researchers.

The study is published today (Wednesday) in ERJ Open Research [1]. Carbon can enter the lungs via cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust and polluted air.

The cells, called alveolar macrophages, normally protect the body by engulfing any particles or bacteria that reach the lungs. But, in their new study, researchers found that when these cells are exposed to carbon they grow larger and encourage inflammation.

The research was led by Dr James Baker and Dr Simon Lea from The University of Manchester, UK, and funded by the North West Lung Centre Charity and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC).

Dr Baker, Research Associate within the NIHR Manchester BRC’s Respiratory Theme said: “COPD is a complex disease that has a number of environmental and genetic risk factors. One factor is exposure to carbon from smoking or breathing polluted air.

“We wanted to study what happens in the lungs of COPD patients when this carbon builds up in alveolar macrophage cells, as this may influence the cells’ ability to protect the lungs.”

The researchers used samples of lung tissue from surgery for suspected lung cancer. They studied samples (that did not contain any cancer cells) from 28 people who had COPD and 15 people who were smokers but did not have COPD.

Looking specifically at alveolar macrophage cells under a microscope, the researchers measured the sizes of the cells and the amount of carbon accumulated in the cells.

They found that the average amount of carbon was more than three times greater in alveolar macrophage cells from COPD patients compared to smokers. Cells containing carbon were consistently larger than cells with no visible carbon.

Patients with larger deposits of carbon in their alveolar macrophages had worse lung function, according to a measure called FEV1%, which quantifies how much and how forcefully patients can breathe out.

When the researchers exposed macrophages to carbon particles in the lab, they saw the cells become much larger and found that they were producing higher levels of proteins that lead to inflammation.

As we grow older, our bodies undergo natural changes—and our lungs are no exception. For adults over 50, maintaining healthy lungs becomes increasingly important for overall well-being, energy levels, and quality of life. From age-related changes to lifestyle habits, several factors influence lung health in later years. This guide breaks down practical, actionable steps to protect your lungs and recognize early warning signs of trouble.

Understanding Age-Related Lung Changes

First, it’s helpful to know how aging affects the respiratory system. By your 60s, the muscles that help you breathe—like the diaphragm—may weaken, making it harder to take deep breaths. Lung tissue also loses some of its elasticity, reducing the amount of oxygen that enters the bloodstream with each breath. Additionally, the cilia (tiny hair-like structures in the airways that trap dust and germs) become less effective, increasing the risk of infections like pneumonia.

These changes don’t have to lead to breathing problems, though. With proactive care, you can slow down decline and keep your lungs functioning well.

5 Daily Habits to Protect Lung Health

1. Quit Smoking (or Never Start)

Smoking is the single biggest threat to lung health at any age, but it’s especially harmful for seniors. It accelerates lung tissue damage, increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—a leading cause of disability in older adults—and raises the chance of lung cancer.

2. Avoid Pollutants and Irritants

Indoor and outdoor air pollution can irritate sensitive lungs. On days with high air pollution (check local air quality reports), limit time outdoors, especially during morning or evening rush hours when smog is worst.

3. Stay Active with Lung-Friendly Exercise

Regular physical activity strengthens the muscles used for breathing and improves circulation, helping your lungs deliver oxygen more efficiently. You don’t need intense workouts—gentle activities like walking, swimming, or tai chi are ideal for seniors.

4. Get Vaccinated to Prevent Infections

Respiratory infections like the flu and pneumonia can be serious for older adults, often leading to hospitalization or long-term lung damage. Protect yourself by getting annual flu shots and the pneumococcal vaccine.

5. Maintain a Healthy Diet and Stay Hydrated

Eating a balanced diet rich in nutrients supports lung health too. Foods high in antioxidants (like fruits, vegetables, and nuts) help reduce inflammation in the lungs. Staying hydrated keeps mucus thin and easy to clear.

When to See a Doctor: Warning Signs

See your doctor immediately if you experience:

• Persistent cough (lasting more than 3 weeks)
• Shortness of breath during everyday activities
• Chest pain or tightness when breathing
• Wheezing or coughing up blood
• Unintended weight loss or fatigue

Final Thoughts

Taking care of your lungs in your golden years isn’t complicated—it’s about making small, consistent choices that add up. By quitting smoking, avoiding pollutants, staying active, getting vaccinated, and eating well, you can keep your lungs strong and enjoy an active, independent lifestyle.

“It’s never too late to start prioritizing lung health. Talk to your doctor today to create a personalized plan.”

Abstract

Background

Mepolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-5, a cytokine that plays a central role in eosinophilic inflammation, which is present in 20 to 40% of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

In a phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, patients with COPD, a history of exacerbations, and a blood eosinophil count of at least 300 cells per microliter who were receiving triple inhaled therapy were assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive mepolizumab (at a dose of 100 mg) or placebo subcutaneously every 4 weeks for 52 to 104 weeks. The primary end point was the annualized rate of moderate or severe exacerbations. Secondary end points, tested hierarchically to control for multiplicity, were moderate or severe exacerbation as assessed in a time-to-first-event analysis, measures of health-related quality of life and symptoms, and the annualized rate of exacerbations leading to an emergency department visit, hospitalization, or both.Results

Of the 804 patients who underwent randomization, 403 were assigned to receive mepolizumab and 401 to receive placebo. The annualized rate of moderate or severe exacerbations was significantly lower with mepolizumab than with placebo (0.80 vs. 1.01 events per year; rate ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.94; P=0.01). The time to the first moderate or severe exacerbation was longer with mepolizumab than with placebo (Kaplan–Meier median time to the first moderate or severe exacerbation, 419 vs. 321 days; hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.93; P=0.009). Between-group differences in measures of health-related quality of life and symptoms were not significant; thus, no statistical inferences regarding subsequent secondary end points in the statistical testing hierarchy were made. The incidence of adverse events was similar in the mepolizumab and placebo groups.

Cells taken from the lungs of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a larger accumulation of soot-like carbon deposits compared to cells taken from people who smoke but do not have COPD, according to a study led by University of Manchester researchers.

The study is published today (Wednesday) in ERJ Open Research [1]. Carbon can enter the lungs via cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust and polluted air.

The cells, called alveolar macrophages, normally protect the body by engulfing any particles or bacteria that reach the lungs. But, in their new study, researchers found that when these cells are exposed to carbon they grow larger and encourage inflammation.

The research was led by Dr James Baker and Dr Simon Lea from The University of Manchester, UK, and funded by the North West Lung Centre Charity and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC).

Dr Baker, Research Associate within the NIHR Manchester BRC’s Respiratory Theme said: “COPD is a complex disease that has a number of environmental and genetic risk factors. One factor is exposure to carbon from smoking or breathing polluted air.

“We wanted to study what happens in the lungs of COPD patients when this carbon builds up in alveolar macrophage cells, as this may influence the cells’ ability to protect the lungs.”

The researchers used samples of lung tissue from surgery for suspected lung cancer. They studied samples (that did not contain any cancer cells) from 28 people who had COPD and 15 people who were smokers but did not have COPD.

Looking specifically at alveolar macrophage cells under a microscope, the researchers measured the sizes of the cells and the amount of carbon accumulated in the cells.

They found that the average amount of carbon was more than three times greater in alveolar macrophage cells from COPD patients compared to smokers. Cells containing carbon were consistently larger than cells with no visible carbon.

Patients with larger deposits of carbon in their alveolar macrophages had worse lung function, according to a measure called FEV1%, which quantifies how much and how forcefully patients can breathe out.

When the researchers exposed macrophages to carbon particles in the lab, they saw the cells become much larger and found that they were producing higher levels of proteins that lead to inflammation.

Cells taken from the lungs of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a larger accumulation of soot-like carbon deposits compared to cells taken from people who smoke but do not have COPD, according to a study led by University of Manchester researchers.

The study is published today (Wednesday) in ERJ Open Research [1]. Carbon can enter the lungs via cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust and polluted air.

The cells, called alveolar macrophages, normally protect the body by engulfing any particles or bacteria that reach the lungs. But, in their new study, researchers found that when these cells are exposed to carbon they grow larger and encourage inflammation.

The research was led by Dr James Baker and Dr Simon Lea from The University of Manchester, UK, and funded by the North West Lung Centre Charity and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC).

Dr Baker, Research Associate within the NIHR Manchester BRC’s Respiratory Theme said: “COPD is a complex disease that has a number of environmental and genetic risk factors. One factor is exposure to carbon from smoking or breathing polluted air.

“We wanted to study what happens in the lungs of COPD patients when this carbon builds up in alveolar macrophage cells, as this may influence the cells’ ability to protect the lungs.”

The researchers used samples of lung tissue from surgery for suspected lung cancer. They studied samples (that did not contain any cancer cells) from 28 people who had COPD and 15 people who were smokers but did not have COPD.

Looking specifically at alveolar macrophage cells under a microscope, the researchers measured the sizes of the cells and the amount of carbon accumulated in the cells.

They found that the average amount of carbon was more than three times greater in alveolar macrophage cells from COPD patients compared to smokers. Cells containing carbon were consistently larger than cells with no visible carbon.

Patients with larger deposits of carbon in their alveolar macrophages had worse lung function, according to a measure called FEV1%, which quantifies how much and how forcefully patients can breathe out.

When the researchers exposed macrophages to carbon particles in the lab, they saw the cells become much larger and found that they were producing higher levels of proteins that lead to inflammation.

Cells taken from the lungs of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a larger accumulation of soot-like carbon deposits compared to cells taken from people who smoke but do not have COPD, according to a study led by University of Manchester researchers.

The study is published today (Wednesday) in ERJ Open Research [1]. Carbon can enter the lungs via cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust and polluted air.

The cells, called alveolar macrophages, normally protect the body by engulfing any particles or bacteria that reach the lungs. But, in their new study, researchers found that when these cells are exposed to carbon they grow larger and encourage inflammation.

The research was led by Dr James Baker and Dr Simon Lea from The University of Manchester, UK, and funded by the North West Lung Centre Charity and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Manchester Biomedical Research Centre (BRC).

Dr Baker, Research Associate within the NIHR Manchester BRC’s Respiratory Theme said: “COPD is a complex disease that has a number of environmental and genetic risk factors. One factor is exposure to carbon from smoking or breathing polluted air.

“We wanted to study what happens in the lungs of COPD patients when this carbon builds up in alveolar macrophage cells, as this may influence the cells’ ability to protect the lungs.”

The researchers used samples of lung tissue from surgery for suspected lung cancer. They studied samples (that did not contain any cancer cells) from 28 people who had COPD and 15 people who were smokers but did not have COPD.

Looking specifically at alveolar macrophage cells under a microscope, the researchers measured the sizes of the cells and the amount of carbon accumulated in the cells.

They found that the average amount of carbon was more than three times greater in alveolar macrophage cells from COPD patients compared to smokers. Cells containing carbon were consistently larger than cells with no visible carbon.

Patients with larger deposits of carbon in their alveolar macrophages had worse lung function, according to a measure called FEV1%, which quantifies how much and how forcefully patients can breathe out.

When the researchers exposed macrophages to carbon particles in the lab, they saw the cells become much larger and found that they were producing higher levels of proteins that lead to inflammation.

Living with chronic breathing difficulties requires smart daily management to maintain your quality of life. Mastering proper breathing techniques forms the foundation of effective symptom control. Practice pursed-lip breathing regularly: inhale slowly through your nose for two counts, then exhale gently through pursed lips for four counts. This method helps keep airways open longer and makes breathing more efficient. Combine this with diaphragmatic breathing, focusing on making your abdomen rise as you inhale, which strengthens your primary breathing muscle. These techniques are particularly helpful during physical activities or when you feel short of breath.

Nutrition plays a vital role in supporting your respiratory health. Choose nutrient-dense foods that provide substantial energy without causing bloating. Eat smaller, more frequent meals – five to six small meals instead of three large ones – to prevent abdominal pressure on your diaphragm. Include lean proteins like fish and poultry to maintain respiratory muscle strength, along with whole grains and colorful fruits and vegetables. Stay adequately hydrated unless your doctor advises otherwise, as proper fluid intake helps keep mucus thin and easier to clear from your airways.

Stay active while practicing energy conservation. Engage in regular moderate exercise like walking, but pace yourself throughout the day. Plan activities strategically, scheduling demanding tasks for when you have peak energy. Use sitting positions for daily tasks and consider using adaptive equipment like shower chairs. Keep frequently used items within easy reach to minimize unnecessary exertion. Create a lung-friendly environment by avoiding smoke and strong fumes, using air purifiers at home, and checking air quality reports before outdoor activities. These practical strategies, combined with proper medication adherence, can significantly improve your daily comfort and help you maintain an active lifestyle.

Living with chronic breathing difficulties requires smart daily management to maintain your quality of life. Mastering proper breathing techniques forms the foundation of effective symptom control. Practice pursed-lip breathing regularly: inhale slowly through your nose for two counts, then exhale gently through pursed lips for four counts. This method helps keep airways open longer and makes breathing more efficient. Combine this with diaphragmatic breathing, focusing on making your abdomen rise as you inhale, which strengthens your primary breathing muscle. These techniques are particularly helpful during physical activities or when you feel short of breath.

Nutrition plays a vital role in supporting your respiratory health. Choose nutrient-dense foods that provide substantial energy without causing bloating. Eat smaller, more frequent meals – five to six small meals instead of three large ones – to prevent abdominal pressure on your diaphragm. Include lean proteins like fish and poultry to maintain respiratory muscle strength, along with whole grains and colorful fruits and vegetables. Stay adequately hydrated unless your doctor advises otherwise, as proper fluid intake helps keep mucus thin and easier to clear from your airways.

Stay active while practicing energy conservation. Engage in regular moderate exercise like walking, but pace yourself throughout the day. Plan activities strategically, scheduling demanding tasks for when you have peak energy. Use sitting positions for daily tasks and consider using adaptive equipment like shower chairs. Keep frequently used items within easy reach to minimize unnecessary exertion. Create a lung-friendly environment by avoiding smoke and strong fumes, using air purifiers at home, and checking air quality reports before outdoor activities. These practical strategies, combined with proper medication adherence, can significantly improve your daily comfort and help you maintain an active lifestyle.

Living with chronic breathing difficulties requires smart daily management to maintain your quality of life. Mastering proper breathing techniques forms the foundation of effective symptom control. Practice pursed-lip breathing regularly: inhale slowly through your nose for two counts, then exhale gently through pursed lips for four counts. This method helps keep airways open longer and makes breathing more efficient. Combine this with diaphragmatic breathing, focusing on making your abdomen rise as you inhale, which strengthens your primary breathing muscle. These techniques are particularly helpful during physical activities or when you feel short of breath.

Nutrition plays a vital role in supporting your respiratory health. Choose nutrient-dense foods that provide substantial energy without causing bloating. Eat smaller, more frequent meals – five to six small meals instead of three large ones – to prevent abdominal pressure on your diaphragm. Include lean proteins like fish and poultry to maintain respiratory muscle strength, along with whole grains and colorful fruits and vegetables. Stay adequately hydrated unless your doctor advises otherwise, as proper fluid intake helps keep mucus thin and easier to clear from your airways.

Stay active while practicing energy conservation. Engage in regular moderate exercise like walking, but pace yourself throughout the day. Plan activities strategically, scheduling demanding tasks for when you have peak energy. Use sitting positions for daily tasks and consider using adaptive equipment like shower chairs. Keep frequently used items within easy reach to minimize unnecessary exertion. Create a lung-friendly environment by avoiding smoke and strong fumes, using air purifiers at home, and checking air quality reports before outdoor activities. These practical strategies, combined with proper medication adherence, can significantly improve your daily comfort and help you maintain an active lifestyle.

Proper nutrition provides essential support for managing breathing challenges. Your breathing muscles require adequate fuel to work efficiently, making smart food choices crucial. Focus on nutrient-dense foods that provide maximum nutrition without excessive volume. Include lean proteins like fish, poultry, eggs, and legumes to maintain respiratory muscle strength. Incorporate whole grains and colorful fruits and vegetables for essential vitamins and sustained energy that supports your breathing efforts.

Eating patterns matter significantly for comfortable breathing. Large meals can push against your diaphragm, making breathing more difficult. Instead, consume five to six smaller meals spaced evenly throughout the day. Choose foods that are easy to chew and digest to avoid overtaxing your system. Start your day with a nutrient-rich breakfast like oatmeal with Greek yogurt, enjoy a mid-morning snack of banana with peanut butter, and have a light chicken salad for lunch. Keep evening meals small and early to prevent breathing discomfort that can interfere with sleep.

Stay adequately hydrated unless your doctor recommends fluid restrictions. Proper hydration helps maintain thin mucus consistency, making it easier to clear from your airways. If drinking large amounts of water is challenging, try sipping small amounts consistently throughout the day. Warm fluids like herbal tea or broth can be particularly soothing. Include high-calorie, nutrient-rich foods if weight maintenance is a concern, and always consult with your healthcare provider about any significant dietary changes. These nutritional strategies work together to support your breathing health and overall well-being.